{"id":1344,"date":"2021-03-11T22:41:32","date_gmt":"2021-03-11T21:41:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lockanalyst.org\/?page_id=1344"},"modified":"2021-11-02T14:11:58","modified_gmt":"2021-11-02T13:11:58","slug":"evolution-of-pin-tumbler-locks","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lockanalyst.org\/index.php\/evolution-of-pin-tumbler-locks\/","title":{"rendered":"Evolution of Pin-tumbler locks"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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For many centuries, the pin-tumbler’s technology was forgotten or ignored by European locksmiths who’s will improve the roman warded lock’s construction until the late of the 18th century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pendant de nombreux si\u00e8cles, la technologie des goupilles a \u00e9t\u00e9 oubli\u00e9 ou tout simplement ignor\u00e9 du serrurier Europ\u00e9en qui am\u00e9liorera la construction de la serrure \u00e0 garnitures d’origine Romaine jusqu’\u00e0 la fin du 18\u00e8me si\u00e8cle.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Stansbury’s lock<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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A.O. Stansbury (1816)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Abraham Ogier Stansbury was an American merchant, publisher, teacher and inventor, born in 1776 in Philadelphia. In 1804, he goes to London to find his sister who stayed there and he will live near Piccadilly Circus until his departure in 1807 [1]. In 1805, he filed a patent for “an Egyptian lock” in wich he will mention the use of the first segmented-pin tumbler’s design. (UK patent N\u00b02851)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abraham Ogier Stansbury \u00e9tait un marchand, \u00e9diteur, enseignant et inventeur Am\u00e9ricain, n\u00e9 en 1776 \u00e0 Philadelphie. En 1804, il part \u00e0 Londres o\u00f9 il rejoint sa s\u0153ur et il vivra pr\u00e8s de Piccadilly Circus jusqu’\u00e0 son d\u00e9part en 1807 [1]. En 1805, il d\u00e9posa un brevet pour une “serrure \u00c9gyptienne” dans lequel il mentionnera l’utilisation de paire de goupilles. (Brevet anglais N\u00b02851)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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UK patent N\u00b02851<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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The principle is very simple and it is inspired from the early pin tumbler lock’s design that we have talked in a previous article. The main improvement in the Stansbury’s patent is the use of a segmented pin tumbler sprinloaded with an helicoidal compression spring (or coil spring) used in watchmaking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Le principe est tr\u00e8s simple et il est inspir\u00e9 des anciennes serrures \u00e0 chevilles dont nous avons parl\u00e9 dans un pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent article. La principale am\u00e9lioration du brevet de Stansbury est l’utilisation d’une paire de goupilles coupl\u00e9es \u00e0 un petit ressort h\u00e9lico\u00efdal de rappel utilis\u00e9 en horlogerie.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The Stanbury’s lock contains a bolt which can be locked and unlocked with a rotor composed of a box and a revolving plate mounted around a drill-pin. This little box, screwed on the backside of the lock, contains small pins and their flat springs riveted on it. When the bolt is in locked position, all pins protude out of the box, fall in holes made on the revolving plate and block its rotation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stansbury’s key have some prongs at the end of its bit. The key is inserted, rotated of some degrees and pushed which allows to compress all pinsout of the plate. The revolving plate now free to turn. A pin fixed on the plate slide in a groove made on the bolt and allows to move it by the plate’s rotation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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La serrure de Stansbury est compos\u00e9e d’un p\u00eane dormant qui peut \u00eatre verrouill\u00e9 et d\u00e9verrouill\u00e9 par l\u2019interm\u00e9diaire d’un rotor compos\u00e9e d’un boitier et de sa plaque tournante mont\u00e9e concentriquement \u00e0 une broche. Ce petit boitier, viss\u00e9 au pal\u00e2tre de la serrure, contient des petites goupilles et leurs ressorts plats rivet\u00e9s dessus. Quand le p\u00eane est verrouill\u00e9, toutes les goupilles d\u00e9passent hors du boitier, tombent dans des trous pratiqu\u00e9s dans la plaque et ainsi bloque sa rotation.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

La clef de Stansbury poss\u00e8de des tiges au bout de son panneton. La clef est ins\u00e9r\u00e9e, tourn\u00e9e de quelques degr\u00e9s et pouss\u00e9e, afin de compresser toutes les goupilles en dehors de la plaque. La plaque est maintenant libre de tourner. Une goupille fix\u00e9e \u00e0 l’arri\u00e8re de la plaque, glisse dans une rainure pratiqu\u00e9e dans le p\u00eane et permet de le mouvoir par la rotation de la plaque.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Global view<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Backside view<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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During the year of 1806, Stansbury found some iron-mongers who will produce his lock under license [6]. This ingenious mechanism will arouse admiration of the English because it can be adapted on most common locks in England [1] but Stansbury\u2019s lock will not sell well. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

In 1807, Stansbury returned to America and received a patent for the same lock\u2019s design (US patent X727). Unfortunately, his patent burned in the fire of the US patent office in 1836, the only evidence of its existence is a repertory of patent published before this period. We will never know if Stansbury has improved his first English patent of 1805, but we can find a small view of his US patent [2].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Au cours de l’ann\u00e9e 1806, Stansbury trouva quelques ferronniers qui produiront sa serrure sous licence [6]. Cette ing\u00e9nieux m\u00e9canisme suscitera l’admiration des Anglais car il peut s’adapter aux serrures les plus courantes d’Angleterre [1], mais sa commercialisation se soldera par un \u00e9chec.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

En 1807, Stansbury retourne aux \u00c9tats-Unis et d\u00e9pose un brevet pour sa serrure (Brevet am\u00e9ricain X727). Malheureusement, son brevet brula dans l\u2019incendie du bureau des brevets Am\u00e9ricains en 1836, la seule preuve de son existence est visible dans un r\u00e9pertoire des brevets publi\u00e9 avant cette p\u00e9riode. On ne saura jamais si Stansbury avait am\u00e9lior\u00e9 son premier brevet de 1805, mais on peut trouver un bref aper\u00e7u du brevet am\u00e9ricain de 1807 [2].<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Stansbury’s drawer lock (1813)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Example of Stansbury’s keys made by William Pye (See on the right)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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In about 1815, Stansbury sell the right of his patent to William Pye, an American locksmith based in New York who will produce a padlock using Stansbury’s design. In 1819, Mr Pye will accept to pay 200$ if an renewal of stansbury’s patent should be obtained at the end of its validity in 1821 [1], but no patent reissue will be done.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Au environ de 1815, Stansbury vend les droits d’utilisation de son brevet \u00e0 William Pye, un serrurier Am\u00e9ricain de New York qui produira un cadenas utilisant cette nouvelle technologie. En 1819, Mr Pye acceptera de payer 200$ si un renouvellement du brevet devait \u00eatre obtenu d’ici la fin de sa validit\u00e9 en 1821 [1], mais aucune demande de renouvellement ne fut faite.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Yale’s lock<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
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Linus Yale Sr. was an ingenious american inventor, born in 1797 in Middletown, connecticut. He was a excellent mechanic and had a young creative mind. In 1815, he was married to Chlotilda Hopson from Salisbury, New York. They will have three children, Elvira, Chlotilda and Linus Jr. Between 1833 and 1838, Mr Yale will receive some patents, three for a threshing machine, two for an improved saw-mill and one for a process to dress mill stones. In 1840, he moved to Springfield, Massachussetts to learn the art of lockmaking [3].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Linus Yale Sr. \u00e9tait un ing\u00e9nieux inventeur am\u00e9ricain, n\u00e9 en 1797 \u00e0 Middletown (Connecticut). Il \u00e9tait un excellent m\u00e9canicien et avait un vif esprit cr\u00e9atif. En 1815, Il \u00e9pousa Chlotilda Hopson de Salisbury (banlieue de New York). Ils auront trois enfants, Elvira, Chlotilda et Linus Junior. Entre 1833 et 1838, Mr Yale obtiendra plusieurs brevets, trois pour une machine agricole \u00e0 battre le grain, deux autres pour une scie \u00e0 bois am\u00e9lior\u00e9e et un pour un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 permettant l\u2019aff\u00fbtage des meules. En 1840, Il partit sur Springfield dans le Massachussets pour apprendre l’art de la serrurerie.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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US patent N\u00b03,630<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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In 1844, Yale received a patent for a door lock (US patent N\u00b03,630) using four rows of two segmented-pin tumblers. The key have a round section with four grooves (or flutes) on which the pins slide when the key is inserted or withdrawed. The first pin-tumbler lock was born with a plug, a shell and some pins radially arranged.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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En 1844, Yale d\u00e9pose un brevet pour une serrure de porte (Brevet am\u00e9ricain N\u00b03,630) utilisant quatre rang\u00e9es de deux paires de goupilles. La clef poss\u00e8de un profil rond avec quatre rainures dans lesquels glissent les goupilles quand la clef est ins\u00e9r\u00e9e ou retir\u00e9e. La premi\u00e8re serrure \u00e0 goupilles \u00e9tait n\u00e9e, compos\u00e9e d’un rotor, d’un stator et de goupilles bris\u00e9es, dispos\u00e9es radialement.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Yale quadruplex’s Lock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Quadruplex’s lock global view<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Linus Yale Sr. has obtained some awards for his quadruplex’s lock, but never in his own name. In 1845, he send his son-in-law, Ira L. Cady, who had married his daughter Chlotilda in 1839 [4] and will obtains a premium for his “Yale’s patent lock” at the New York State Fair, Utica<\/em> [5]. In 1847, he moved to Newport and open his lock shop specializing in expensive handmade bank locks. The same year, he receive a silver medal for a bank lock deposited by Mr Cady at the Fifth Exhibition of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association<\/em> [6]. The committee will conclude that Yale’s lock is “safer from picking, gun-cotton and powder than any other known to them”.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Between 1847 and 1849, the quadruplex lock will be produced with a single cylinder which the key had to be oriented correctly, then inserted into the lock. For this, a small cross was made between two grooves as a foolproof. In 1849, Mr Yale obtains a patent for a “lock and latch” with some improvements to his original lock patent (US patent N\u00b06,111). The lock contains two cylinders using four rows of five segmented-pins which will increase the number of combinations. To open this lock, we need two keys, the first is inserted on the right and will authorize the opening of the second lock, on the left. The same year, his son, Linus Yale Jr, joined to his father’s lock shop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Linus Yale Sr. a obtenu plusieurs r\u00e9compenses pour sa serrure Quadruplex, mais jamais en son nom propre. En 1845, il envoya son gendre, Ira L. Cady, qui a \u00e9pous\u00e9 sa fille ain\u00e9e Chlotilda en 1839 [4] et obtiendra un prix pour sa “Yale’s patent lock” \u00e0 l’exposition the New York State Fair \u00e0 Utica [5]. En 1847, il s’installe \u00e0 Newport et ouvre sa boutique o\u00f9 il fabriquera des serrures de coffre enti\u00e8rement faites \u00e0 la main. La m\u00eame ann\u00e9e, il re\u00e7oit une m\u00e9daille d’argent pour une serrure de coffre remise par Mr Cady aux comit\u00e9s de la Fifth Exhibition of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association [6]. Le jury concluera que la serrure de Yale est plus s\u00e9curis\u00e9e contre le crochetage, la dynamite et la poudre noire que toutes autres \u00e0 leur connaissance”.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Entre 1847 et 1849, la serrure quadruplex sera produite avec un seul cylindre dont la clef devait \u00eatre orient\u00e9e correctement<\/em>, puis introduite dans la serrure. Pour ce faire, une petite croix \u00e9tait pratiqu\u00e9e entre deux rainures et servait de d\u00e9trompeur. En 1849, Mr Yale obtient un brevet pour une serrure avec plusieurs am\u00e9liorations de la serrure quadruplex (Brevet am\u00e9ricain N\u00b06,111). La serrure est constitu\u00e9e de deux cylindres utilisant quatre rang\u00e9es de cinq paires de goupilles permettant d’augmenter la puissance combinatoire. Pour ouvrir cette serrure, on a besoin de deux clefs, la premi\u00e8re est ins\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 droite et autorisera l’ouverture de la seconde serrure (\u00e0 gauche). La m\u00eame ann\u00e9e, son fils, Linus Yale Jr, le rejoint dans la boutique familiale.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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US patent N\u00b06,111<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Double Yale quadruplex’s lock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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In 1850, Nathaniel Bacon, a lock manufacturer from Springfield, will produce the Quadruplex’s lock and pay the right to use the Yale’s patent [7]. In 1852, Linus Yale Sr. sold his original patent to Nathaniel Bacon’s son, Steuben T. Bacon [8] and the Yale Quadruplex’s lock will be known as the Bacon’s lock. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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En 1850, Nathaniel Bacon, un fabricant de serrure de Springfield, produira la serrure Quadruplex et payera les droits d’utilsation du brevet \u00e0 Linus Yale [7]. En 1852, Linus Yale Sr. vend son brevet original au fils de Nathaniel Bacon, Steuben T. Bacon et la serrure Quadruplex sera connu dans tout le pays comme la serrure de Mr Bacon.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Scientific American’s magazine from 1855<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Linus Yale Jr. will be very annoyed by his father’s attitude of wanting to resell these patents and especially that he does not want to produce them himself. In 1855, he moved to philadelphia and began his own business and will try to distinguish his father’s business from his new notoriety acquired between 1851 and 1855 by the picking of the parautoptic’s lock recognized as one of the most secure in the world [10].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Linus Yale Jr. sera tr\u00e8s agac\u00e9 par l’attitude de son p\u00e8re de vouloir revendre ces brevets et surtout de ne pas vouloir les produire lui-m\u00eame. En 1855, il s’installe \u00e0 Philadelphie, d\u00e9marre son propre entreprise et tentera de distinguer les affaires de son p\u00e8re de sa nouvelle notori\u00e9t\u00e9 acquise entre 1851 et 1855 par le crochetage de la serrure Parautoptic reconnue comme l’une des plus s\u00e9curis\u00e9es au monde [10].<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Excerpt from “a dissertation on locks and lockpicking and the principles of burglar proofing” published in 1856 by Linus Yale Jr.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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During 1852 to 1860, Mr Bacon will produce the first version of the Quadruplex’s lock and receive two patents to improve it in 1859 (US patent N\u00b024,709) with the first anti-picking device : the serrated pin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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De 1852 \u00e0 1860, Mr Bacon produira le premi\u00e8re version de la Yale Quadruplex et d\u00e9posera deux brevets afin de l’am\u00e9liorer en 1859 (Brevet am\u00e9ricain N\u00b024,709) avec le premier syst\u00e8me anti-crochetage : la goupille crant\u00e9e.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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First serrated pin-tumbler<\/em> (US patent N\u00b024,709)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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In 1857, Linus Yale Sr. received a patent for a sliding padlock using five pin-tumblers inline and a round fluted key (US patent N\u00b018,169). This padlock is an improved Egyptian lock but its construction remains similar to padlocks that are manufactured today. Notice the use of coil springs which can be manufactured with a machine patented the same year [9].<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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En 1857, Linus Yale Sr. d\u00e9posa un brevet pour un cadenas \u00e0 glissi\u00e8re utilisant cinq goupilles en ligne et une clef ronde rainur\u00e9e (Brevet am\u00e9ricain N\u00b018,169). Ce cadenas est une am\u00e9lioration de la serrure \u00e9gyptienne mais sa construction reste similaire aux cadenas produits de nos jours. Notez l’utilisation de ressorts h\u00e9lico\u00efdaux de compression qui ont pu \u00eatre fabriqu\u00e9 par une machine brevet\u00e9e la m\u00eame ann\u00e9e [9].<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Yale’s sliding padlock (US patent N\u00b018,169)<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The main parts of this padlock are made by bronze casting and finished with handmade polishing process. After, holes are drilled in the bible. This step requires no special jigs or tools because all part have two flated surfaces allowing them to be clamped easily in a vice. Finally, the sliding part are adjusted correctly and assembled by a pin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Les pi\u00e8ces principales du cadenas sont fabriqu\u00e9es en bronze par moulage et finis par un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de polissage \u00e0 la main. Apr\u00e8s, des trous sont perc\u00e9s dans la pi\u00e8ce non-coulissante. Cette \u00e9tape ne requiert aucun gabarits ou outillages sp\u00e9ciaux car toutes les pi\u00e8ces poss\u00e8dent deux surfaces planes permettant de les brider facilement dans un \u00e9tau. Enfin, la glissi\u00e8re est ajust\u00e9e correctement et assembl\u00e9e par une goupille.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Original Yale’s sliding padlock<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Global view<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Pin’s motion on a round fluted key<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n
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Cocolitos<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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[1] “The Rev. Abraham O. Stansbury and the Stansbury Press”, Philip J. Weimerskirch, Journal of the American Printing History Association, 2001, p 46-48.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] “Pantologia, a new cyclopaedia, comprehending a complete series of essays, treatises, and systems, alphabetically arranged; with a general dictionary of arts, sciences and words”, G. Kearsley, London, 1813.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[3] “Early Locks and Lockmakers of America”, Thomas F. Hennessy, Nickerson & Collins, Des Plaines, IL, 2nd edition, 1976, p 85.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[4] https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yale-Cady_Octagon_House_and_Yale_Lock_Factory_Site<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[5] “The cultivator, a monthly journal devoted to agriculture, horticulture, floriculture, and to domestic and rural economy”, C. Van Benthuysen, new series, volume 2, New York, 1845, p 318.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[6] “The Fifth Exhibition of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association at Faneuil and quincy halls, in the city of Boston”, Dutton and Wentworth, 1848, p 8.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[7] “The Sixth Exhibition of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association at Faneuil and quincy halls, in the city of Boston”,Kastburn’s press ,1850, p 21.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[8] “Report of the twenty-second Exhibition of American Manufacturers for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts”, Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania, 1852, p 5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[9] US patent N\u00b016,483 for “a machine for making coiled springs” by J. Harrison Jr.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[10] http:\/\/safelockcollector.com\/safe-locks\/picking-newells-parautoptic-lock\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

For many centuries, the pin-tumbler’s technology was forgotten or ignored by European locksmiths who’s will improve the roman warded lock’s construction until the late of the 18th century. Pendant de nombreux si\u00e8cles, la technologie des goupilles a \u00e9t\u00e9 oubli\u00e9 ou tout simplement ignor\u00e9 du serrurier Europ\u00e9en qui am\u00e9liorera la construction de la serrure \u00e0 garnitures…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1344","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lockanalyst.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1344"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lockanalyst.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lockanalyst.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lockanalyst.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lockanalyst.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1344"}],"version-history":[{"count":277,"href":"https:\/\/lockanalyst.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1344\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1670,"href":"https:\/\/lockanalyst.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1344\/revisions\/1670"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lockanalyst.org\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1344"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}